{"id":2158,"date":"2023-11-01T11:20:44","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T11:20:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gesunde-gestaltung.de\/?page_id=2158"},"modified":"2024-02-08T19:20:37","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T19:20:37","slug":"ansatz","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gesunde-gestaltung.de\/en_us\/ansatz\/","title":{"rendered":"Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"

Systemic evidence-based approach\nof health-promoting design (SEA)<\/h1><\/div>

The integrated working mode of the Designinstitut f\u00fcr Gesunde Gestaltung based on a biopsychosocial model of health<\/strong><\/p>\n

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M\u00fcller, Helena & Rehn-Groenendijk, Jonas<\/span><\/p>\n

DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.2.28910.38726<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>

1. Background<\/h4>\n

Whether in a city apartment, on the subway, in the office, at a concert, in a family home, at school,\ndoing sport or shopping: In Western societies, people spend a large share of their day indoors (Klepeis\net al., 2001). As part of this, they come into contact with different spaces and objects and\ngo through different processes. An interrelation arises between these parts of the environment\nand people: people build, select, appropriate and design, while the resulting spaces in turn have\nan effect on people (e.g. through density, brightness, privacy, view) and promote or prevent behaviors.\nDigital processes and systems often also play a role here. The crucial intersections in this\ninterrelationship are the human senses. They perceive and process particular aspects of the environment.\nHowever, this perception is not the same for every person; in addition to biological factors,\nit also depends on cultural influences and personal experiences (Heinrich, 2021). Situational\nfactors also play an important role, such as stress or an acute illness (Vollmer & Koppen, 2010).<\/p>\n

This interrelation between people and the built environment is not without consequences: buildings can\ninfluence people\u2018s health and well-being - both positively and negatively (Beemer et al., 2021; Devlin,\n2014; Shepley & Pasha, 2013; Ulrich et al., 1991, 2008, 2018). Such an influence can be used in a targeted\nmanner by designing environments in such a way that they are as health-promoting as possible.<\/p>\n

As early as the sixth century B.C., the Asclepieion hospital was built on the island of Epidaurus\nin ancient Greece with the assumptions that the built environment, access to daylight and fresh\nair and numerous other aspects of design measures are directly involved in the recovery process\n(The Center for Health Design, 2010). This idea has also been taken up in the more modern history\nof hospital design. As early as the 19th century, the nurse Florence Nightingale (1860, 1863)\nemphasized the connection between the built environment and health and made specific recommendations\nfor structural implementation. It was not until more than a hundred years later that\nUlrich\u2018s (1984) influential - albeit often misinterpreted - study on the view from the patient\u2018s room\nfollowed. This empirical study on the relationship between the built environment and the therapeutic\noutcome laid the foundation for evidence-based design. This was followed by interdisciplinary\ntheories on therapeutic landscapes (Gesler, 1993), psychosocial-supportive design (Ulrich,\n1997), salutogenic design (Dilani, 2005), healing environments (e.g. Dijkstra, 2009) and specific\nconcepts on the role of nature and natural systems (\u201ebiophilic design\u201c; Kellert et al., 2008; Ryan &\nBrowning, 2020). While these approaches mainly focus on the direct impact of design on health\nand well-being, others expand this area by investigating how design can influence health behavior\n(e.g. Fogg, 2003; Lockton et al., 2010; Michie et al., 2014; Rehn, 2018). In addition to issues\nrelating to physical activity (e.g. Center for Active Design, 2010) and the reduction of stress (Kn\u00f6ll\net al., 2018; Ulrich et al., 2008), issues of accessibility and inclusion also play a role (Amin, 2018).<\/p>\n

In terms of methodology, a combination of scientific or empirical methods and creative-conceptual\napproaches has become increasingly established in recent decades. Approaches such as a research-\ndriven design approach (Visocky O\u2018Grady & Visocky O\u2018Grady, 2017) illustrate the added\nvalue of scientific methods for the design process. Numerous research and analysis methods can be useful in different project phases (Stickdorn et al. 2018; Kumar, 2008). In this context,\nthe consistent and systematic use of scientific findings for design issues has also been formulated\nunder the paradigm of evidence-based design (Hamilton, 2003; Stichler & Hamilton, 2008).<\/p>\n<\/div>

2. The Systemic Evidence-based Approach (SEA)<\/h4>\n
<\/span><\/div>\n

Fig.. 1) Model of Systemic Evidence-based Approach (\u00a9 Designinstitut f\u00fcr Gesunde Gestaltung, 2024)<\/h2>\n

The model presented here describes an evidence-based interdisciplinary approach to the evaluation, design\nand optimization of spaces, products and systems in the context of health promotion. Its application\nis not limited to explicit areas of therapy and health promotion (e.g. clinics and medical practices). It can\nalso be used in other contexts (e.g. schools, urban spaces, workplace health promotion) to systematically\naddress the influence of the built environment on health and to optimize these contexts in this respect.<\/p>\n

While numerous models already structure systematic approaches to design processes (see e.g. Dubberly,\n2008), the systemic evidence-based approach combines approaches from design and architectural\nstudies with perspectives from (environmental and architectural) psychology as well as social and\nhealth sciences to create an interdisciplinary model that can be used as a basis for evaluation and\nresearch as well as for actual design and optimization. The model is divided into a methodologicalprocedural\npart (the HOW, 2.1) and a design-conceptual part (the WHAT, 2.2). The methodological\naspects are of varying importance throughout the entire project. Based on this, the content-oriented\nmatrix serves as a structuring orientation that combines both explorative (\u201eHow can we combine?\u201c)\nand evaluative (\u201eWhat is missing? What has been overlooked?\u201c) potentials. This illustrates the interconnection\nbetween various design measures (e.g. selection and placement of furniture, use of different\nlight sources, material properties). For example, it is the interplay of these elements that creates\na style or supports orientation within a building complex. Following the principles of evidence-based\ndesign (Hamilton & Stichler, 2008), the individual project and its framework conditions must be taken\ninto account when applying the model. It serves as a starting point on the basis of which the specific\nprocess steps can be adapted.<\/p>\n

2.1. The HOW - methodological-procedural approach<\/span><\/p>\n

a) Interdisciplinary consideration of scientific evidence and theory<\/h3>\n

In order to design environments that are as health-promoting as possible, firt, basic knowledge is required:\nWhat mechanisms exist between the person and the environment? A look at the theories of\ndifferent disciplines and the findings of previous studies can shed light on this. This approach follows\nthe principles of evidence-based design (Hamilton, 2003; Hamilton & Stichler, 2008), in line with evidence-\nbased medicine.<\/p>\n

b) Consideration of spatial and geographical conditions<\/span><\/h3>\n

A look at the literature and practical experience sensitizes us to the fact that, as a rule, all creative\nimplementations are shaped by contextual factors that cannot be changed or can only be\nchanged to a limited extent, but which have a significant influence on the effect of the design and\nthe creative scope for action itself. These need to be identified and taken into account in advance\nand during the course of the project in order to react to obstacles and harness potential. Spatial\nconditions (in the building stock) are, for example, the size of the rooms, spatial arrangement,\nbuilding structure. Geographical conditions can include natural environmental factors (e.g. climate,\nsunlight, seasons, slope, woodland) as well as logistical factors (e.g. public transport connections,\nwalkability of the immediate periphery) and thus also define the systemic framework.<\/p>\n

c) Own empirical studies<\/h3>\n

As there are no scientifically sound, generally valid modes of action and a high degree of context dependency\ncan be assumed, it is advisable not to strive for one-size-fits-all solutions, but to specifically\ninvolve those who will use the future environments. In this way, (future) users of the premises have decisive\nknowledge, wishes and experiences that are incorporated into the design. The key question here is: What are the needs and requirements of the users? This can be determined using various empirical\nmethods, which can also be combined: quantitative <\/i>(e.g. questionnaires) qualitative <\/i>(e.g. interviews,\nphoto voice method) or mixed forms (e.g. systematic observation).<\/p>\n

d) Co-Creation<\/h3>\n

In order to ensure that the environments created are suitable for the users, it is not only possible to\nidentify their needs, but also to make design decisions together with them. Such an approach is currently\ngaining in importance - not only with regard to particularly vulnerable user groups (e.g. dementia\npatients; Rehn-Groenendijk et al., 2022). In this way, individual preferences can be increasingly incorporated\nand identification with the resulting environments can be increased. Under keywords such as\n\u201ePatient Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE)\u201c and \u201ePeer Involvement\u201c, such an approach has\nalready been practiced intensively in some countries for years. For each project, participatory approaches\nare to be individually tailored to the framework conditions and possibilities of those involved and\ncontinuously reflected upon (Hendriks et al., 2015).<\/p>\n

2.2. The WHAT - design-conceptual starting points<\/p>\n

e) Requirements for the context as an imperative framework for action<\/h3>\n

The methodological-procedural approach results in user requirements that serve as the basis for the\nsubsequent design process. All design decisions must be based on these requirements. The trick is to\ndevelop innovative design solutions based on the identified requirements and thus to create a transfer\nbetween the identified data and the creative design work and to develop this iteratively. This also includes\nspecific functional requirements that can be derived from certain disease patterns or symptoms\n(e.g. higher chair heights for rheumatism patients).<\/p>\n

f) Addressed constructs<\/h3>\n

The rows of the matrix comprise the constructs that are addressed and optimized in the design: Spatial qualities<\/i>, processes & systems<\/i> (e.g. action steps across multiple rooms), wayfinding <\/i>(e.g. orientation\nusing signage), symbolism & style<\/i> (e.g. conveying values such as transparency) and psychosocial\nsupport<\/i> (e.g. sense of control). As a rule, they can only be influenced in a lasting and targeted manner\nthrough the interplay of various design interventions.<\/p>\n

g) Conceptual design elements<\/h3>\n

The columns of the matrix contain the design and conceptual elements that can be used to design the\naddressed constructs:<\/p>\n

Spatial structure <\/i>refers to the actual building floor plans, room layouts and functional zoning in a given\ncontext. Materialit\u00e4t und Objekte<\/i> umfasst dabei alle physischen Elemente mit denen R\u00e4ume und Umgebungen ausgestattet (z.B. M\u00f6bel), verkleidet (z.B. Wand- und Bodenbel\u00e4ge) oder auch erst geschaffen werden (z.B. Zwischenw\u00e4nde und Pavillons). Dazu z\u00e4hlen auch Aspekte wie die technische Geb\u00e4udeausr\u00fcstung aber auch dekorative Beleuchtungen. Digitale und hybride Strukturen<\/i> subsummiert entsprechende Anwendungen im Raum (z.B. Patientenmanagementsystem). Au\u00dfendarstellung <\/i>unterstreicht die f\u00fcr den gesundheitsorientierten Bereich bedeutsame Verbindung von r\u00e4umlich-technischem Kontext als Setting von Gesundheitsversorgungs- und pr\u00e4ventiven Leistungen und der kommunikativen Beziehung zwischen Dienstleistenden und Nutzenden. Dies kann digitale Formate (z.B. Websites) ebenso umfassen wie die Au\u00dfendarstellung vor dem jeweiligen Geb\u00e4ude (z.B. Praxislogo, Schild) oder die Art der Ansprache im Verlauf von therapeutischen Ma\u00dfnahmen (z.B. Kleidung des medizinischen Personals).<\/p>\n<\/div>

3. Discussion and positioning<\/h4>\n

The systemic evidence-based approach presented here is intended to serve as an impulse to systematize\ndesign in the context of health promotion more strongly and to base it on scientific methods and findings.\nSuch an approach goes beyond the personal style of designers. The decisive factor is not simply what\ndesigners or architects like, but what is (a) scientifically sound and (b) validated from the user\u2018s point\nof view. This results not only in solutions that meet the needs of users, but also those that meet ethical\nstandards. After all, it is important to take into account available knowledge on the effects and health-promoting\npotential of design interventions and to incorporate the needs of users first-hand in this process.<\/p>\n

Intuitive and creative-artistic processes are fundamental resources for a truly health-promoting design. It\nis simply a matter of systematically incorporating the respective aspects and being able to evaluate them\non the basis of clear criteria. In this way, the interdisciplinary field of health-promoting design can develop\neffectively.<\/p>\n<\/div>

4. References<\/h4>\n

Amin, A. (2018). Collective culture and urban public space. City 12, 5\u201324. doi: 10.1080\/13604810801933495<\/p>\n

Beemer, C. J.; K. A. Stearns-Yoder; S. J. Schuldt et al. (2021): A Brief Review on the Mental Health for Select Elements of the Built Environment. Indoor and Built Environment 30 (2): 152\u2013165. doi:10.1177\/1420326X19889653.<\/p>\n

Center for Active Design (2010): Active Design Guidelines. Promoting physical activity and health in design. Hg. v. City of New York. New York.<\/p>\n

Devlin, A. S. (2014): Transforming the doctor\u2018s office. Principles from evidence-based design. New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Dijkstra, K. (2009): Understanding healing environments. Effects of physical environmental stimuli on patients\u2018 health and well-being. Enschede: University of Twente.<\/p>\n

Dilani, A. (2005): A new paradigm of design and health in hospital planning. In: World hospitals and health services : the official journal of the International Hospital Federation 41 (4), S. 17-21.<\/p>\n

Dubberly, H. (2008): How do you design? A Compendium of Models. San Francisco, CA, USA: Dubberly Design Office.<\/p>\n

Fogg, B. J. (2003): Persuasive technology. Using computers to change what we think and do. Amsterdam, Boston: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.<\/p>\n

Hamilton, D. K. (2003): The Four Levels Of Evidence-Based Practice. In: Healthcare Design, S. 18-26.<\/p>\n

Hendriks, N.; Slegers, K.; Duysburgh, P. (2015): Codesign with people living with cognitive or sensory impairments: a case for method stories and uniqueness. In: CoDesign 11 (1), S. 70-82. DOI: 10.1080\/15710882.2015.1020316.<\/p>\n

Kellert, S. R.; Heerwagen, J.; Mador, M. (Hg.) (2008): Biophilic design. The theory, science, and practice of bringing buildings to life. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.<\/p>\n

Kn\u00f6ll, M.; Neuheuser, K.; Cleff, T.; Rudolph-Cleff, A. (2018): A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces. In: Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45 (4), S. 797-813. DOI: 10.1177\/0265813516686971.<\/p>\n

Kumar, V. (2013): 101 design methods. A structured approach for driving innovation in your organization. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.<\/p>\n

Lockton, D.; Harrison, D. J.; Stanton, N. A. (2010): The Design with Intent Method: a design tool for influencing user behaviour. In: Applied Ergonomics 41 (3), S. 382-392.<\/p>\n

Michie, S.; Atkins, L.; West, R. (2014): The behaviour change wheel. A guide to designing interventions. First edition. London: Silverback Publishing.<\/p>\n

Nightingale, F. (1860): Notes on Nursing. What it is, and what it is not. New York: Dover Publications Inc.<\/p>\n

Nightingale, F. (1863): Notes on Hospitals. 3. Aufl. London: Longman, Green, Roberts.<\/p>\n

Rehn, J. (2018): Design model for health behaviour change. In: Christer Kirsty, Claire Craig und Dan Wolstenholme (Hg.): Proceedings of the 5th European International Conference on Design4Health. Sheffield, UK, 4th – 6th September 2018: Sheffield Hallam University.<\/p>\n

Rehn-Groenendijk, J.; Chrysikou, E.; Minetou, L.; Garcia, E. H.; Savvopoulou, E.; Lad, H. (2022): Transdisciplinary Development of a Framework for Co-Creation With People Living With Dementia. In: The European Conference on Aging & Gerontology 2022: Official Conference Proceedings. The European Conference on Aging & Gerontology 2022: The International Academic Forum(IAFOR) (EGen Official Conference Proceedings), S. 1-6.<\/p>\n

Ryan, C. O.; Browning, W. D.; Clancy, J. O.; Andrews, S. L.; Kallianpurkar, N. B. (2014): Biophilic Design Patterns. Emerging Nature-Based Parameters for Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment. In: International Journal of Architectural Research 8 (2), S. 62-76.<\/p>\n

Shepley, M. M.; Pasha, S. (2013): Design Research And Behavioral Health Facilities. USA: The Center for Health Desgin.<\/p>\n

Stichler, J. F.; Hamilton, D. K. (2008): Evidence-Based Design: What is It? In: HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 1 (2), S. 3-4. DOI: 10.1177\/193758670800100201.<\/p>\n

Stickdorn, M.; Hormess, M.; Lawrence, A.; Schneider, J. (Hg.) (2018): This is service design doing. Applying service design thinking in the real world ; a practitioners` handbook. First edition. Sebastapol, CA: O\u2018Reilly.<\/p>\n

The Center for Health Design (2010): An introduction to evidence-based design. Exploring healthcare and design. 2nd ed. Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design (EDAC study guide series, 1).<\/p>\n

Ulrich, R. S. (1997): A theory of supportive design for healthcare facilities. In: Journal of healthcare design : proceedings from the Symposium on Healthcare Design. Symposium on Healthcare Design 9, 3-7; discussion 21-4.<\/p>\n

Ulrich, R. S. (1991): Effects of health facility interior design on wellness. theory and scientific research. In: Journal of Health Care Design (3), S. 97-109.<\/p>\n

Ulrich, R. S.; Zimring, C.; Zhu, X.DuBose, J.; Seo, H.-B.; Choi, Y.-S.; Quan, X.; Joseph, A. (2008): A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design. In: HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 1 (3), S. 61-125. DOI: 10.1177\/193758670800100306.<\/p>\n

Ulrich, R. S.; Bogren, L.; Gardiner, S. K.; Lundin, S. (2018): Psychiatric Ward Design Can Reduce Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology 57: 53\u201366. doi:10.1016\/j.jenvp.2018.05.002.<\/p>\n

Visocky O\u2018Grady, J.; Visocky O\u2018Grady, K. (2017): A Designer\u2018s Research Manual, 2nd edition, Updated and Expanded. Succeed in design by knowing your clients and understanding what they really need. Minneapolis: Rockport Publishers. Online verf\u00fcgbar unter https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\/lib\/gbv\/detail.action?docID=4932225.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.<\/p>\n

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This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>